It Will Be Assumed For This Experiment That The End Point And Equivalence ...
It will be assumed for this experiment that the end point and equivalence point are the same. The experiment would be repeated with vinegar samples B and C. The experiment would also be repeated using phenol red as an indicator. This would be expected to change from yellow to red at the equivalence point . The amount of 0.1M NaOH used could be used to calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in each of the samples, via the equation: Molarity x volume / 1000 = no of mols used Risk assessment and safety chemicals NaOH is an irritant and can cause burns. Ethanoic acid is a corrosive agent. Phenolphthalein is an irritant and can cause burns. Goggles and protective clothing should be worn throughout. If chemical comes into contact with the skin the area should be washed with plenty of clean running water. If a large area of skin is affected or skin shows signs of burning (eg redness / swelling) medical advice should be sought immediately. If chemical comes into contact with the eyes wash out immediately with sterile eye wash. If chemical is ingested wash out mouth with clean water and seek medical advice immediately. Do not induce vomiting as this may cause further damage. Do not breathe fumes of fresh NaOH solution. Ideally experiment should take place in a fume cupboard. If fumes are inhaled move immediately to an area of fresh air. In case of difficulty in breathing medical advice should be sought. Risk assessment and safety - equipment Burette should be filled with a funnel and should not be above shoulder height to avoid spillage. Goggles and protective clothing should be worn when using flames. Long hair should be tied back and loose clothing fastened securely when using flames. Care should be taken when assembling distillation equipment so that breakage does not occur. Particular attention should be paid when inserting one tube into another and this should not be done in palm of hand in case of slippage and possible damage to hand.
References and Bibliography Daintith, J. (ed) 1990, A concise dictionary of chemistry, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Harwood, P. & Hughes, M. 2001, "Acids and bases" in Chemistry A2, eds. P. Harwood & M. Hughes, 2nd edn, Harper Collins, London, pp. 28-53. Hunt, A. 2001, "Physical Chemistry" in A2 Chemistry, ed. A. Hunt, 1st edn, Hodder & Stoughton, London, pp. 6-86. McNeil, K. 2004, COSHH Standard Assessment for Work in Chemistry Research Laboratories. University of Bristol Online. Available at: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/safety/chemicalhazards.htm, Accessed 8th February 2006 . The Nuffield Foundation 2003, 13th November 2003-last update, Investigating Vinegars tutorial, The Nuffield Foundation Online. Available at: http://www.chemistry-react.org/go/Tutorial/Tutorial_4948.html Accessed, 7th February 2006 .
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