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The Iranian penal code is strictly Islamic in nature. Most all of the Quranic laws have prescribed punishments for those who are found to be guilty. Not surprisingly, there are no rights to fair trials. Phrases like due process are almost non-existent, as the Iranian police are notorious for their torture, indefinite detainment, and general mistreatment of any and all perceived as a threat to the Islamic identity of the state. (more…)

Are we free? Our general experiences would seem to suggest so. When faced with various options we have the perception that we are free to make decisions between them. Philosophically freedom is divided into two types: negative and positive. (more…)

The first and most obvious question that should be asked in reference to this essay is what era the question is referring to. Although there is a considerable body of literature on Roman slavery, limitations of space preclude discussions of the whole of Roman history, and with this in mind I have decided to concentrate here upon the early imperial period. (more…)