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The reasons for the crusade against outrelief of the 1870s must be seen in the context of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the traditional systems of poor relief and charities and attitudes towards poverty and its causes in the nineteenth century, such as those revealed by the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and the Goschen Minute. (more…)

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Britain experienced massive social, economic and political transformations. (more…)

First, though, what is Chartism?  The word is a blanket term to describe a loose confederation of popular movements which, from approximately 1836 to 1848, demanded that England’s political system be reformed into a parliamentary democracy in hopes that a new system of government would improve the legitimately awful economic and social reality of many common working-class persons’ lives. (more…)

The inter-war period is truly one of a double-edged transition.  On the one hand, this period was to see the beginnings of revolution in many social institutions (such as marriage, family and the Church) that the men and women of the late Victorian era would have taken for granted.  (more…)

The events of September 11 2001 left Americans wondering what caused the anger and hatred that would inspire such horrific attacks. Relatively quickly, US foreign policy in the Middle East was put forward as a likely contributory factor. (more…)

Katrina Honeyman in her study of Women, Gender and Industrialisation in England asserts that ‘evidence suggests that women’s position in the labour force had been consistently undermined since the sixteenth century when they were found in the lowest paid, least stable and most unrewarding occupations.’  (more…)

The nuclear arms race in South Asia has largely avoided political discourse in the West. The protracted demise of the Soviet Union deflected attention away from geopolitical strategies taking place in South Asia towards the end of the twentieth century with the result that a very precarious position has since prevailed in the region whereby three powers each have the mutually assured power to destroy one another. (more…)